• Authors:
    • Nakayama, Y.
    • Kuwashima, K.
    • Kawabata, C.
    • Gobara, Y.
    • Hamotani, Y.
    • Heriyanto, J.
    • Wicaksono, A.
    • Konda, R.
    • Ishizuka, S.
    • Ohta, S.
    • Mori, T.
    • Hardjono, A.
  • Source: Forest Ecology and Management
  • Volume: 310
  • Year: 2013
  • Summary: A 2-year-long monitoring experiment was conducted to determine the effects of phosphorus (P) addition on nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, methane (CH4) uptake and carbon (C) sequestration and decomposition in a newly established Acacia mangium plantation in South Sumatra, Indonesia. We established three large plots and prepared six control sub-plots and four sub-plots with P added in each large plot. Gas emissions were measured using a chamber method. We also measured selected physical and chemical parameters for soil, fresh leaves, litter layers, and the aboveground biomass of Acacia trees. Mean daily N2O flux was reduced (0.42 mg N m(-2) day(-1)) by P addition. The reduction in N2O emissions resulting from P addition was likely to be due to the stimulation of root uptake of soil N and water, as suggested by the soil N and WFPS dynamics and correlations with N2O fluxes. P addition significantly increased (25.6 Mg ha(-1) 20 months(-1)) the Acacia biomass, contributing to an increase (46.9 Mg CO2-e ha(-1)) in C sequestration. P addition also stimulated soil C decomposition. Soil total C (TC) decreased significantly (0.14 kg C m(-2)) in the second year of P addition; CO2 emissions from soil were also stimulated (0.29 g C m(-2) day(-1)) by P addition. P addition reduced (0.15 mg C m(-2) day(-1)) CH4 uptake significantly, although the difference was small.
  • Authors:
    • Hino, M.
    • Ramdani, F.
  • Source: PLOS ONE
  • Volume: 8
  • Issue: 7
  • Year: 2013
  • Summary: Increasing prices and demand for biofuel and cooking oil from importer countries have caused a remarkable expansion of oil palm plantations in Indonesia. In this paper, we attempt to monitor the expansion of oil palm plantations on peat land and in tropical forests. We measure the GHG emissions from the land conversion activities at provincial scale. Using Landsat images from three different periods (1990s, 2000s and 2012), we classified LULC of the Riau Province, which is the largest oil palm producing region in Indonesia. A hybrid method of integration, generated by combining automatic processing and manual analysis, yields the best results. We found that the tropical rainforest cover decreased from similar to 63% in the 1990s to similar to 37% in the 2000s. By 2012, the remaining tropical rainforest cover was only similar to 22%. From the 1990s to the 2000s, conversion of forests and peat lands was the primary source of emissions, total CO2 emitted to the atmosphere was estimated at similar to 26.6 million tCO(2)center dot y(-1), with 40.62% and 59.38% of the emissions from conversion of peat lands and forests, respectively. Between 2000 and 2012, the total CO2 emitted to the atmosphere was estimated at similar to 5.2 million tCO(2).y(-1), with 69.94% and 27.62% of the emissions from converted peat lands and converted forests, respectively. The results show that in the Riau Province, the oil palm industry boomed in the period from 1990 to 2000, with transformation of tropical forest and peat land as the primary source of emissions. The decrease of CO2 emissions in the period from 2000 to 2012 is possibly due to the enforcement of a moratorium on deforestation.
  • Authors:
    • Verchot, L.
    • Angelsen, A.
    • Herold, M.
    • Wijaya, A.
    • Ainembabazi, J. H.
    • Romijn, E.
    • Murdiyarso, D.
  • Source: Environmental Science & Policy
  • Volume: 33
  • Year: 2013
  • Summary: Developing countries participating in the mitigation mechanism of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+), need to determine a national forest reference emission level (REL) as part of their national monitoring system, which serves as a benchmark to measure the impact of their REDD+ actions. Using data from Indonesia, we show that the choice of a forest definition can have a large impact on estimates of deforestation and forest degradation areas, on assessment of drivers of deforestation and on the development of a REL. The total area of deforestation between 2000 and 2009 was 4.9 million ha when using the FAO definition, 18% higher when using a 'natural forest definition' and 27% higher when using the national definition. Using the national and natural forest definitions, large areas (>50%) were classified as shrubland after deforestation. We used regression models to predict future deforestation. Deforestation was much better predicted than degradation (R-2 of 0.81 vs. 0.52), with the natural forest definition giving the best prediction. Apart from historical deforestation and initial forest cover, gross domestic product and human population were important predictors of future deforestation in Indonesia. Degradation processes were less well modeled and predictions relied on estimates of historical degradation and forest cover.
  • Authors:
    • Didik, I.
    • Purwanto, B. H.
    • Wijanarko, A.
    • Dja'far, S.
  • Source: Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science
  • Volume: 8
  • Issue: 11
  • Year: 2013
  • Summary: This research aims to study the kinetics of N mineralization by using double-pool kinetics models on degradated soils in the cultivation of monoculture cassava as a result of providing organic matter of legume and non-legume. Incubation experiments were conducted in the laboratory at a constant temperature. The treatment was by giving nonlegume and legume biomass on Ultisol in which cassava has been planted there with different lengths of time. In this research, to estimate the parameters of the mineralized N and the rate of mineralization (k), double-pool kinetics equation was used. Mean while, the relationship between the parameters of N mineralization with nutrient uptake was investigated by conducting a pot experiment in a greenhouse. The results showed that the application of organic matter derived from groundnut produced higher mineralization. The N mineralization of soil that has been planted by cassava less than ten years was higher than it was on soil that has been planted by cassava more than 30 years. The total amount of N released on soil that has been planted by cassava less than 10 years reached 1086 mg kg -1. Whereas, the total amount of N released on soil already planted with cassava more than 30 years was 783 mg kg -1. Potential value of N (N0) and the mineralization rate coefficient (k) were higher in organic matter with a low ratio of C:N and on more fertile soil.
  • Authors:
    • Fernando, L. K.
    • Banuwa, I. S.
    • Buchari, H.
    • Utomo, M.
    • Saleh, R.
  • Source: Journal of Tropical Soils
  • Volume: 17
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Although agriculture is a victim of environmental risk due to global warming, but ironically it also contributes to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. The objective of this experiment was to determine the influence of long-term conservation tillage and N fertilization on soil carbon storage and CO2 emission in corn-soybean rotation system. A factorial experiment was arranged in a randomized completely block design with four replications. The first factor was tillage systems namely intensive tillage (IT), minimum tillage (MT) and no-tillage (NT). While the second factor was N fertilization with rate of 0, 100 and 200 kg N ha -1 applied for corn, and 0, 25, and 50 kg N ha -1 for soybean production. Samples of soil organic carbon (SOC) after 23 year of cropping were taken at depths of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm and 10-20 cm, while CO2 emission measurements were taken in corn season (2009) and soybean season (2010). Analysis of variance and means test (HSD 0.05) were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System package. At 0-5 cm depth, SOC under NT combined with 200 kg N ha -1 fertilization was 46.1% higher than that of NT with no N fertilization, while at depth of 5-10 cm SOC under MT was 26.2% higher than NT and 13.9% higher than IT. Throughout the corn and soybean seasons, CO2-C emissions from IT were higher than those of MT and NT, while CO2-C emissions from 200 kg N ha -1 rate were higher than those of 0 kg N ha -1 and 100 kg N ha -1 rates. With any N rate treatments, MT and NT could reduce CO2-C emission to 65.2%-67.6% and to 75.4%-87.6% as much of IT, respectively. While in soybean season, MT and NT could reduce CO2-C emission to 17.6%-46.7% and 42.0%-74.3% as much of IT, respectively. Prior to generative soybean growth, N fertilization with rate of 50 kg N ha -1 could reduce CO2-C emission to 32.2%-37.2% as much of 0 and 25 kg N ha -1 rates.
  • Authors:
    • Agus,Fahmuddin
    • Wahyunto
    • Al Dariah
    • Runtunuwu,Eleonora
    • Susanti,Erni
    • Supriatna,Wahyu
  • Source: Journal of Oil Palm Research
  • Volume: 24
  • Issue: August
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: The peatlands of Indonesia are an increasingly important land resource for the livelihood of the people and for economic development, but they turn rapidly into a carbon source when the peat forests are cleared and drained. Therefore, strategies are needed for the sustainable management of the peatlands and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This research was conducted on 464 642 ha of peatland varying in depth between 200 and 680 cm, in the districts of Kubu Raya and Pontianak, in the West Kalimantan province of Indonesia. It was aimed at: (i) evaluating land use changes in the peatland of the two districts and assessing the CO2 emissions these entail; and (ii) recommending options for mitigation of the CO2 emissions. Satellite images in the years 1986, 2002 and 2008 were used for the evaluation of land use changes. This was followed by ground-truthing of recent land cover in 2009. Interviews were conducted with stakeholders to develop emission reduction strategies. The results show that the peatlands were used for various purposes, including the traditional slash-and-burn agriculture for maize, pineapple plantations, intensive vegetable farming, and rubber and oil palm plantations. The peat forest area decreased by 16% from 393 000 ha in 1986 to 329 390 ha in 2008, while shrubland increased by 153% from 9427 ha to 23 814 ha over the same period of time. Oil palm plantations and paddy fields also increased rapidly in expansion. The main sources of emissions were from peat burning, especially for the slash-and-burn farming, peat decomposition due to drainage, and the loss of biomass depending on the land use trajectories. Emission reduction can be achieved through various scenarios. Scenario I, confining future agricultural land development to peatland with peat of <3 m thick, is expected to reduce by 6.8 +/- 2.9% the 2010 to 2035 cumulative CO2 emissions from the 127 million tonnes 'business as usual' (BAU) level. Scenario II, providing fertiliser subsidy to replace the traditional burning technique in addition to Scenario I, is expected to reduce emissions by as much as 11.5 +/- 4.9%. Scenario III, switching future agricultural expansion to mineral soils, is expected to lower the cumulative emissions by as much as 20.5 +/- 8.8%. These scenarios form the basis for sustainable peatland management and for a state of preparedness to reduce emissions from peatland.
  • Authors:
    • Rodrigues, H. O.
    • Lawrence, D.
    • Gaveau, D. A.
    • Trigg, S. N.
    • Asner, G. P.
    • Soares-Filho, B. S.
    • Pittman, A. M.
    • Ratnasari, D.
    • Curran, L. M.
    • Carlson, K. M.
  • Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
  • Volume: 109
  • Issue: 19
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Industrial agricultural plantations are a rapidly increasing yet largely unmeasured source of tropical land cover change. Here, we evaluate impacts of oil palm plantation development on land cover, carbon flux, and agrarian community lands in West Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. With a spatially explicit land change/carbon bookkeeping model, parameterized using high-resolution satellite time series and informed by socioeconomic surveys, we assess previous and project future plantation expansion under five scenarios. Although fire was the primary proximate cause of 1989-2008 deforestation (93%) and net carbonemissions (69%), by 2007-2008, oil palm directly caused 27% of total and 40% of peatland deforestation. Plantation land sources exhibited distinctive temporal dynamics, comprising 81% forests on mineral soils (1994-2001), shifting to 69% peatlands (2008-2011). Plantation leases reveal vast development potential. In 2008, leases spanned similar to 65% of the region, including 62% on peatlands and 59% of community-managed lands, yet < 10% of lease area was planted. Projecting business as usual (BAU), by 2020 similar to 40% of regional and 35% of community lands are cleared for oil palm, generating 26% of net carbon emissions. Intact forest cover declines to 4%, and the proportion of emissions sourced from peatlands increases 38%. Prohibiting intact and logged forest and peatland conversion to oil palm reduces emissions only 4% below BAU, because of continued uncontrolled fire. Protecting logged forests achieves greater carbon emissions reductions (21%) than protecting intact forests alone (9%) and is critical for mitigating carbon emissions. Extensive allocated leases constrain land management options, requiring trade-offs among oil palm production, carbon emissions mitigation, and maintaining community landholdings.
  • Authors:
    • Inubushi, K.
    • Bakar, R.
    • Affandi, D.
    • Hadi, A.
  • Source: Jurnal Tanah Tropika (Journal of Tropical Soils)
  • Volume: 17
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Presently, about 20% of oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq) fields in Indonesia are on peat soil, in addition to that other area of peat soil has been conventionally used for rice field and vegetables. To elucidate the global warming potentials of peat soils cultivated to oil palm, vegetable or rice field, field experiment has been carried out in South Kalimantan. Air samples were taken from rice field, oil palm and vegetable fields in weekly basis for six month period and analyzed for concentrations of N 2O, CH 4 and CO 2. The global warming potentials (GWP) of the three gases were calculated by multiplying the emission of each gas with their respective mole warming potential. This step was followed by the addition of the three gases' GWP to have the total GWP. The results showed that the emissions of greenhouse gases from peat soils changed seasonally and varied with the crops cultivated. Oil palm has resulted the highest GWP, mostly contributed by N 2O. There was no statistical different in total GWP of paddy and vegetable fields. The annual N 2O emission from oil palm field was 4,582 g N ha -1 yr -1. Water, nutrients and organic matter managements are among the potential techniques to minimize gas emissions from oil palm field which need field trials.
  • Authors:
    • Hairiah, K.
    • Weise, S.
    • Sonwa, D.
    • Mbile, P.
    • Agus, F.
    • Edadinata, A.
    • Meadu, V.
    • Robiglio, V.
    • Budidarsono, S.
    • Hyman, G.
    • Gockowski, J.
    • White, D.
    • Murdiyarso, D.
    • Dewi, S.
    • Van Noordwijk, M.
    • Swallow, B.
  • Year: 2007
  • Authors:
    • Suryadi, M.
    • Nagai, N.
    • Siregar, M.
  • Source: CAPSA Working Paper
  • Issue: 98
  • Year: 2006
  • Summary: This report is the outcome of the second phase of the AGRIDIV project in Indonesia. The goal of this second phase study is to examine the performance of farming, marketing and processing of CGPRT crops at two dryland sites that have different cropping patterns. The two selected sites were Siswa Bangun and Restu Baru village. The results would by no means represent a national average. Hence, the description of farming, marketing and processing of those crops given here forms a source of in-depth quantitative and qualitative information that might have wider validity. Findings relate to maize and cassava commodity systems. Policy recommendations are presented.